Market for eco

The hospitality industry is increasingly adopting green strategies as part of its corporate strategy. This need stems from the realization, among hotel owners, that they have a part to play in making the world more sustainable. Perhaps another key driver that is primarily responsible for this move is response to customer needs. Buyers, now more than ever before, are aware of man’s impact on the planet.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Market for eco-friendly hotels specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, most of them want to purchase products or services that are eco-friendly. Hotel owners are thus meeting a need in the market by attuning their services to the tastes of eco-conscious buyers (Weaver Lawton 1170). Investment in eco-hotels is a worthwhile endeavor because a vast market exists for the service. Consumers are willing to play their part in global sustainability. However, the degree t o which they are willing to do it depends on their income bracket as well as the part of the world where they come from. Economic recoveries in a series of European and developed nations have caused more consumers to exercise caution in their expenditure. However, this has not dampened the spirits of high income earners. Luxury hotel consumers are some of the keenest consumers on green initiatives. Surveys conducted by Market Metrix in 2008/9 indicate that 20% of these guests believe that eco-friendliness is a high-priority issue. However, only 9% of the low income market felt that green strategies are critical factors in hotel choice. This proposal will this be catering to a group of buyers who can afford the service (Grigoras 18). Price is a leading barrier to the use of eco-friendly hotels. Many clients are willing to use such services only if the facilities do not place additional pressure on their budgets. A number of hotels have made eco-initiatives that do not add extra costs in the final product. As a consequence, buyers use eco-hotels if they cost just as much as typical ones. Therefore, the eco-hotel has an extra advantage over its conventional counterparts because it has something extra to offer is clients. The above surveys were carried out when the global recession had just occurred. Economic recovery is happening and this implies that more people will be targeting eco-hotels,Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Proof of a market for eco-hotels exists in other sectors. The philosophy of sustainable purchasing is prevalent in retail stores, company brands, product packing, employee choices and other aspects of consumer purchasing. Commitment to the environment usually runs deep, and those who hold such values place high demands on the sellers who supply their personal products. As a result, these individuals expect companies to take ca re of environmental issues in service provision. Buyers now wait for hotels to demonstrate this commitment to sustainability in their guest experiences before they choose it. Some countries like the UK and US are critical source markets for eco-hotels. In their households, most UK consumers buy 251 pounds worth of green items and this translates in 6 billion pounds worth of products. In the US, households bought 260 million energy saving light bulbs in 2012. Therefore, these buyers are committed to the philosophy of eco-friendliness. If they travel around the world, they are more likely to respond positively to hotels that mirror their personal expenditures (Wall 111). Brand loyalties are going down in the global hotel industry. Most individuals are moving beyond the self-appraising efforts of hotels and looking at the true value of their hotels. This means that ethical values and other related endeavors are what customers really focus on. Even minor alterations such as purchasing l ocally-grown food in the hotel can make substantial differences. Travelers appreciate the fact that it is not easy to be eco-friendly, so many of them are willing to pay a premium for it. Competition in eco-hotel sector Numerous hotels have realized the importance of eco-friendliness and have opted to meet this sustainability need among consumers. As a result, hotel ratings agencies now differentiate between hotels that are environmentally friendly, and those that are not through certain mechanisms. For instance, an organization called Best Western rates global hotels.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Market for eco-friendly hotels specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It now denotes those who comply with green standards using a green leaf as an icon. Other ratings systems are ecologically oriented. Green key is an independent ranking organization that has worked with hospitality industry entities to boost th eir green credibility. Several Luxury hotels like MGM Resorts and Carlson Hotel have worked with this independent group to increase their green marketability. Another independent sustainability rater is Green Seal, which has worked with Kimpton and Great Wolf Resorts (Orams 9). Therefore large hotels are going out of their way to market themselves as eco hotels; this is a sign that competition is high. In the European continent, hotels have created the EU Ecolabel. This a certification program for services and products available in the European Union. Its presence indicates adherence to environmental management standards. Hotel stakeholders in the European Union have been applying for the label for the past 11 years. Some of them are small farmhouse accommodation facilities while others are large chains. They all use renewable sources of energy. Furthermore, they have waste reduction strategies, environmental policies, water use reduction measures and non smoking areas. Examples of the firms that have achieved this certification include Hotel Alantico in Portugal and Sunwing Resort in Greece. Several global brands are using the green strategy in huge proportions. One such organization is Marriot, which has a conglomerate of about 300 hotels worldwide. The hotel has established LEED certification for some of its hotel buildings. Here the hotels abide by strict sustainability standards. It plans on doing the same for the rest of its branches by 2015. Other relatively smaller hotel chains have also embraced the strategy and are located in different parts of the world. For instance, Six senses is a hotel in Con Dao Vietnam. It is committed to environmental sustainability by purchasing building materials from sustainable sources. The hotel also changes its ventilation system in order to accommodate them. Hotel Tierra in Chile is yet another hotel that relies on local labor for all its furnishings. The building’s walls are made of wood so as to control intern al temperature without using artificial heaters. In Puerto Rico, the country has a hotel called Hix island, which uses solar to power the facility.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Additionally, it collects rain waters and also tackles grey water. Kenya has a hotel known as Campi ya Kanzi. It is solar-powered, and all the parts of the building came from naturally-fallen trees (Petronzio 26). Options vary on how a hotel can choose to execute its eco strategy. Some competitors prefer to focus mostly on operational aspects while others take a more holistic approach. The building as well as the materials used to furnish the hotel may become the preferred option. Even interactions with locals can become part of one’s strategy. The more holistic a hotel is, the more marketable it becomes to eco-travelers. Statistics indicate that although several ecohotels exist, it is mostly the large hotel chains that appear to dominate this industry (Grigoras 3). Scientists explain that their propensity to go for eco-strategies stems from their economies of scale. Many large hotels buy supplies in bulk. Furthermore, some of the cost savings that stem from energy preservati on or water conservation are better-felt by large hotel chains. This advantage means that they are more likely to stick to the strategy, and this will lead to better marketing of the same. When an organization can boast of greater use of eco friendly products, it is likely that it will impress more eco-conscious travelers than those that only use green strategies to a smaller degree. Large hotel chains may be the dominating party in the eco-hotel industry. However, not all consumers are interested in large chains. Environmental travelers want family-friendly and cozy atmospheres that do not replicate images of large-scale hotel chains. They prize facilities that are as close to the environment as possible. Therefore, if an independent hotel can commit to environmental principles, but still stay small and comfortable, then it will provide added advantages to buyers. This combination of qualities will make an impact in the eco-hotel industry. The marketing plan will fulfill the gap in the competitive landscape. It will be a refreshing alternative to the modern hotel designs that have crowded the hotel industry. Travelers want intimate locations that are as close to nature as possible. Therefore, these qualities will make the proposal a tangible solution to the current environment. Works Cited Grigoras, Oana. Chain hotels go green easier than independent competitors. 2013. Web. Orams, Mark. Types of Ecotourism. Wallingford: CABI Publishing, 2001. Print. Petronzio, Matt. 30 gorgeous eco-friendly hotels. 2013. Web. Wall, Geofrey. â€Å"Ecotourism: Change, impacts and opportunities.† Bulletin 5(2007): 108 -118. Print. Weaver, David and Laura Lawton. â€Å"Twenty years on: the state of contemporary ecotourism research.† Tourism Management 28(2007): 1168–1179. Print. This research paper on Market for eco-friendly hotels was written and submitted by user Alicia R. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Stanley Tookie Williams †Death Penalty Case Study

Stanley Tookie Williams – Death Penalty Case Study Free Online Research Papers Crime is a major problem in our world today. Some people in our country live in fear that they will be the next victim of a crime; they could be robbed, raped, or even murdered. There are so many theories on how to stop crime. One of the theories is the use of the death penalty as a deterrent. There are a lot of issues that surround that idea that make the use of the death penalty just as bad as the accused committing murder. It is very contradictive, inconsistent, and unethical. Although some people believe that the death penalty deters crime, there are many arguments against it. For example, the costs are extremely high, racism is involved, and there are innocent people on death row to list a few. Stanley Tookie Williams is a great example of how the death penalty is unethical. He was the person responsible for creating the Crips gang in California back in the seventies. He was later charged with the death penalty for murdering three people. Over the course of 10 years, Tookie Williams, with the help of his supporter and friend Barbara Becnel, wrote eight childrens books all with the aim of stopping youngsters living a violent gang life. He also earned five Nobel peace prize nominations, a letter from President George W Bush commending him on his work, and a movie portraying his life called, simply, Redemption (Leithead). He was executed in December, 2005 by lethal injection. Some people believe that he deserved to die because even though he had so many accomplishments in prison, out of prison he was a monster. They didn’t believe that he was being genuine in his good deeds. Some people say that he is a success story because he turned his life around despite hi s surroundings. The system should have let him serve life in prison without the possibility of parole after all of his accomplishments because in this case he had turned his life around and instead of hurting others in society, he was helping society. Even though a great person like Stanley Williams was executed, the American public has long been favorably disposed toward capital punishment for convicted murderers, and that support continues to grow. In a 1981 Gallup Poll, two-thirds of Americans voiced general approval for the death penalty. That support rose to 72% in 1985, to 76% in 1991, and to 80% in 1994. Although these polls need to be interpreted with extreme caution, it is clear that there are few issues on which more Americans agree: in at least some circumstances, death is seen as a justifiable punishment (Radelet, Akers). Part of the support for capital punishment comes from the belief that the death penalty is legitimate. This justification suggests that murderers should be executed for retributive reasons: murderers should suffer, and the retributive effects of life imprisonment are insufficient for taking a life. While such views are worthy of debate, no empirical research can tell us if the argument is correct or incorrect. Empirical studies can neither answer the question of what specific criminals (or non-criminals) deserve, nor settle debates over other moral issues surrounding capital punishment. In some people eyes the moral issues of capital punishment don’t outweigh the public concern with violent crime. It is generating strong support for the death penalty. Thirty-eight states have passed capital punishment laws in the past 20 years. One reason for skepticism about the death penaltys value as a deterrent is the never-ending parade of homicides from convenience- store shootings to high-profile crimes of passion. A much-watched case involved Susan V. Smith of Union, S.C. She made national headlines when she told police that an armed black man had commandeered her car and driven off with her two little boys. But nine days later, Smith was charged in the childrens drowning deaths. According to police, Smith confessed to strapping the youngsters into their car seats and letting the car roll down a boat ramp to the bottom of a lake (Worsnop). The death penalty will not deter crimes of passion because in the heat of the moment people that kill do not think about the co nsequences. That shows that the people that believe that the death penalty is a deterrent is incorrect because people still kill even if there is a possibility that they will receive the death penalty. Some people receive the death penalty for crimes that they did not commit. Having someone serve life in prison instead of the death penalty gives that person time to prove their innocence. The debate over erroneous convictions has increased in recent years because DNA testing now allows inmates to prove their innocence years after their convictions. Former death row inmate Aaron Patterson is one of seventeen wrongfully convicted men freed in Illinois, the only state with a death penalty moratorium. The American Bar Association has called for a nationwide moratorium on executions, citing documented problems in capital trials and sentencing such as racial discrimination, inadequate legal representation and other constitutional violations. The advent of DNA testing - which has been credited with â€Å"exonerating† more than 160 prison inmates over the last 15 years, including 14 men on various states death rows - has focused attention on using new technology to prevent execut ions of innocent defendants (Jost). State officials disagree that this new technology has proven that innocent people have been executed.. Law enforcement groups emphasize in particular that anti-death penalty groups have yet to document a case in the modern era of someone who was executed and later proven conclusively to have been innocent of the crime. Prosecutors and law enforcement supporters, however, say the high court should maintain strict standards for state prisoners to meet before asking federal judges in effect to give them a second trial. â€Å"If youre going to retry every capital case, youre going to have an even more inefficient system than you have now,† says Barry Latzer, a professor at City University of New Yorks John Jay College of Criminal Justice (Jost). If there is speculation that there are innocent people in prison, there should not be a death penalty. One life being taken over a wrong conviction is enough to end it. The price of an innocent life is far more than trying to prove th at the death penalty works. It price of execution is far more than to keeping him or her in prison for life. A recent New Jersey Policy Perspectives report concluded that the states death penalty has cost taxpayers $253 million since 1983, a figure that is over and above the costs that would have been incurred had the state utilized a sentence of life without parole instead of death. From a strictly financial perspective, it is hard to reach a conclusion other than this: New Jersey taxpayers over the last 23 years have paid more than a quarter billion dollars on a capital punishment system that has executed no one, the report concluded. Michael Murphy, former Morris County, NJ prosecutor, remarked: If you were to ask me how $11 million a year could best protect the people of New Jersey, I would tell you by giving the law enforcement community more resources. Im not interested in hypotheticals or abstractions, I want the tools for law enforcement to do their job, and $11 million can buy a lot of tools (Death Pen alty Focus). This country hates paying irrelevant taxes; they should be taking this information into account. There is no justification for paying taxes for something that is not being used. There are some justifications for the death penalty. One of those is that the death penalty saves innocent lives by preventing convicted murderers from killing again. Some sense of the risk here is the fact that of roughly 52,000 state prison inmates serving time for murder, an estimate 810 had previously been convicted of murder and had killed 821 persons following those convictions. Executing each of these inmates after the first murder conviction would have saved the lives of more than 800 persons (Cassell). But having the people serve life sentences could’ve served the same purpose of preventing murder. Politics, quality of legal counsel and the jurisdiction where a crime is committed are more often the determining factors in a death penalty case than the facts of the crime itself. The death penalty is a lethal lottery: of the 22,000 homicides committed every year approximately 150 people are sentenced to death (Death Penalty Focus). Most of the 150 people were Africa n American, which shows that the system is unethical and displays racism. Racism in the imposition of the death penalty has been widely documented over the years. From roughly 1930 to the late 1960s, 49 percent (1,630 out of 3,334) of people executed for murder were African American even though they only made up between 9 and 10 percent of the total U.S. population during this 30-year period. In the early 1970s the courts first challenged the constitutionality of the death penalty because of this probable racial bias. Specifically, the Supreme Court case Furrnan v. Georgia (1972) ruled that the death penalty was cruel and unusual punishment because of the arbitrary and discriminatory manner in which it was imposed. Race discrimination was at the center of the critique of the death penalty and something the post- Furman reforms were designed to remedy. Despite the implementation of death penalty reforms, race discrimination continues to influence the application of the death penalty. Research has found that racism manifests itself in two ways: 1) defendan ts who kill white victims are more likely to be given the death penalty compared to those who kill blacks; and 2) black defendants (regardless of the race of victim) are more likely to receive the death penalty compared to white defendants (Bordt). The idea that the death penalty can stop crime would not be the big debate that it is if there wasn’t discrimination in the justice system. Justice John Paul Stevens has become the latest member of the Supreme Court to voice strong concerns off the bench about the way that death penalty cases are handled in the United States. In a speech to the American Bar Association on Aug. 6, Stevens noted the â€Å"substantial number† of erroneously imposed death sentences and then suggested the need to re-examine jury-selection and sentencing procedures to eliminate what he called â€Å"special risks of unfairness† in death penalty cases. Stevens had gone even further three months earlier. In a speech in May to lawyers and ju dges at the Seventh Circuit Bar Association, the 85-year-old leader of the courts liberal bloc said, â€Å"This country would be much better off if we did not have capital punishment† (Jost). The death penalty is too inconsistent and unfair to African Americans. The inconsistencies are also shown for people with juveniles and people with mental disabilities. Deserved retribution as punishment presupposes that the offender is fully responsible for his crime. In the United States we currently have several juveniles on death row, yet few of us are prepared to argue that juveniles are always fully responsible for the harms they cause. We also regularly execute offenders who suffer from various forms of incapacitation mental illness, disability, or retardation. If retribution is such a crucial and fundamental consideration in shaping the punishment a convicted criminal deserves, why don’t they use their theory to protest the execution of the young and the abnormal offenders, as they do to demand the execution of adult offenders who are normal by their standards? One is tempted to conclude either that they do not take the consequences of their own theory very seriously or that they are prepared to be widely inconsistent in its applicat ions (Bedau). These examples of inconsistencies in the justice system does not help the families of victims heal from the pain of losing a loved one. Many family members who have lost love ones to murder feel that the death penalty will not heal their wounds nor will it end their pain; the extended process prior to executions can prolong the agony experienced by the family. Funds now being used for the costly process of executions could be used to help families put their lives back together through counseling, restitution, crime victim hotlines, and other services addressing their needs (Death Penalty Focus). At what price should we kill to get things solved? If society is saying that murder is a terrible thing to do, then why do we do the same to punish others? The death penalty should be abolished because there is too much evidence to show that it is inconsistent, unethical and contradicting. Bedau, Hugo A., and Paul G. Cassell, eds. Debating the Death Penatly. Should America Have Capital Punishment? The Experts from Both Sides Make Their Case. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004. 29 Oct. 2007. Bordt, Rebecca L. Only Some Are Dead Men Walking: Teaching about Race Discrimination and the Death Penalty . Teaching Sociology 32.4 (2004): 358-73. 20 Oct. 2007 . Facts. Death Penalty Focus. 03 APR 2007. Death Penalty Focus. 3 Dec 2007 . Jost, Kenneth. Death Penalty Controversies. CQ Researcher 15.33 (2005): 785-808. CQ Researcher Online. CQPress. Leithead, Alistair . 2005. 22 Oct. 2007 . Radlet, Michael L., and Ronald L. Akers. Deterrence and the Death Penalty: The Views of the Experts . The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 87.1 (1996): 1-16. 18 Oct.2007. Research Papers on Stanley Tookie Williams - Death Penalty Case StudyCapital PunishmentThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)Book Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoThe Fifth HorsemanThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationHip-Hop is ArtEffects of Television Violence on Children

Personal Family History Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Personal Family History Assignment - Essay Example The National Geographic with its partners has taken it upon themselves to extensively provide an answer to this question. Through the ‘Human Genome Project,’ they have mjapped out a landmark undertaking to understand how different people ended up where they are today. In this study, they have found that all human beings descended from African ancestors approximately 60, 000 years ago. In essence, this is where we all started. The Genographic Project imparts details of ancient migration. Headed by Dr. Spencer Wells and his team of international scientists including IBM researchers, they have exhausted genetic computational technologies to investigate DNA patterns from participants around the globe (National Geographic Society, â€Å"A Landmark Study of the Human Journey†). What makes this interesting is the stories unraveled through the course of the project. Furthermore, public participation is encouraged where those who willingly submitted, through their DNA samples has found interesting trivia about themselves. Most of the results stunned the participants. One daughter even commented how her father who had already passed away was assured he was partly Nordic because of his blond hair and blue eyes. He was so sure that he even claimed his ancestors were Vikings. It turns out that he belongs to the haplogroup which points out that they are Phoenicians. A result so far off than what they initially thought and led to further interest among the family to continue the quest for their ancestry (The Human Family Tree Migration Stories, par. 1, 2009). Even the history of California suggests of its amalgamated history which contributes to the hodgepodge of people that inhabits it. From being a Mexican province, people never thought it would be a territorial state until 10 days prior to the Mexican Cession, James W. Marshall, a New Jersey born mechanic, together with John A.

Corporate Governance Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Corporate Governance - Article Example Resource dependence theory posits that dependent directors are more resourceful through providing advice, communication channels to the external environment, legitimacy, and commitment preference but empirical studies have shown that there is no direct relation between dependence and financial performance. The conclusion is for an inclusion of independent directors on boards on CSR as they relate the changing needs of directors and is sensitive to social needs; provide more resources and legitimacy to the board. An inclusion of female and minority directors on boards advocating have increased with the reasoning based on equity and fairness, reflect racially, and gender diversity of employees, customers, and other stakeholders. Agency theory suggests the inclusion of minority and female directors that board diversity augments independence increasing ability to monitor management. Resource dependence theory supports the inclusion of female and minority directors on the basis that it in creases resources brought by each board members and augments access to external resources. Both agency and resource dependence theory and other theories are in favor of female and minority directors increasing CSR. An inclusion of stakeholder directors is advocated by resource dependence theory and not touched on by agency theory with the reasoning being employee directors increase board efficiency by incorporating company information. Stakeholder director inclusion leads to recognition of stakeholder issues; hence CSR.

Technology in Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Technology in Society - Essay Example Where once ‘robots’ simply meant ‘robotic arms exhibited in the science lab’, today they have evolved into full-on automatons. Where once cellphones were extremely huge, bulky and cumbersome, they can now fit anywhere and be carried anywhere one goes. Music players that were once the size of a small filing cabinet can now be easily held in one hand. Truly, our fascination for technology has allowed us to create great things, and this will no doubt continue to be the case for years to come. This fascination also shows in various areas of pop culture. Works such as Ghost in the Shell or the long-running Gundam franchise are both examples of the lengths to which we envision or predict that technology will evolve, while others such as the .hack franchise portray how technology has very much become hardwired into our lives. This particular paper aims to review two such works – the novel Halting State and the first Terminator movie – due to their rel evance especially in today’s day and age. ... While nowhere near the status of such smash hits such as the Harry Potter series, for example, this novel has still managed to gain more than a modest degree of success for itself – enough to be nominated for both the Hugo and Locus awards (Worlds Without End, 2008). The story begins on a relatively mundane note – a faux job offer email sent to Nigel MacDonald for a stint as a home-based programmer for Hayek Associates LLC. At the same time, within the MMORPG known as Avalon Four, a cybercrime has taken place. Specifically, a small band of orcs together with a dragon had been found to have stolen thousands of euros’ worth of prestige items from the game’s central bank. And while this could easily have been written off as a mere in-game offense, it is soon discovered to be much worse when Hayek stocks and cryptographic keys are found to have been compromised in the process. From then on, the story introduces us to three more central characters: Sue, a polic e officer (herald); Elaine, an investigator (mentor); and Jack Reed, a programmer who happens to be a hardcore gamer. While each of their story lines at first run parallel to each other, they eventually intertwine as these three characters team up to unravel a conspiracy. Eventually, Jack and Nigel are revealed to be one and the same – Nigel MacDonald being the pseudonymous identity. However, soon enough, an even more earth-shattering revelation is revealed – that the entire European network backbone has been hacked into by Chinese hackers. This is the climax at which all pretenses of things being a game are dropped, and also where Jack and Elaine begin to fall in love. Together, the couple make use of Spooks as a sock puppet in order to

The Background of Organisational Change Management

The Background of Organisational Change Management Huber, Sutctiffe, Miller, and Glick (1993) conducted several literature reviews and found that characteristics of an organizations environment constitute a major category of factors that lead to organizational change. Turbulence, competitiveness, and complexity are environmental characteristics identified as determinants of organizational change (Aldrich 1979, Huber 1984, Hrebiniak and Joyce 1985, Mohrman 1989). In the Huber, Sutcliffe, Miller, and Glick (1993) study of 119 heterogeneous organizations, the researchers found that environmental turbulence as well as environmental competitiveness interacting with organizational sizes are highly significant predictors of organizational change. In an important study with public sector implications, Meyer (1979) found in his study of U.S. government finance agencies that the structure and behavior of public organizations are highly influenced by environmental forces. In another early study, McKelvey (1982) determined that the vast majority of changes in organizations are caused by external forces rather than internal forces. Organization Chosen for assignment As per requirement of this assignment I have chosen a case study analysis of three of the largest producers in the industry: Broken Hill Proprietary (BHP) Coal, Rio Tinto/Conzinc Rio Tinto (CRA) and Atlantic Richfield (Arco). Change factors Following are the main factors involved in organizational change Cultural Environment Economic Environment Forces within corporation Competitive pressure and personal resources Outside pressures Psychological factors The cultural environment The tolerance, even eagerness, of many executives for large-scale changes in their organizations has been stimulated by developments within the field of management itself. In the past several decades a start has been made at codifying the principles and practices of management, at least to a point where one can talk of the art of management. This development has reached a point where the leading practitioners and theorists usually agree at least tentatively about desirable and undesirable aspects of organizational patterns and practices. This means that there is a built-in dynamic within the field of management which is exerting varying degrees of pressure on executives to bring their organizations more nearly in line with the most modern doctrines. Since business practice is constantly evolving, management theory is constantly being revised, expanded, and refined. As senior executives acquire a new and deeper understanding about the ways in which large enterprises can more effective ly do their work, they are more ready to experiment with change. (Eli Ginzberg, and others, Columbia University Press, 1957) The economic environment The economic environment exerts great pressure on business enterprises to introduce changes. During the past several decades the American economy has so expanded that today it is truly a continental market, reinforced by significant interests abroad. The efficient exploitation of opportunities within a country as large as the United States requires organizations that can respond constantly and quickly to the needs and desires of the industries and customers they serve. One of the major forces leading to decentralizationthe outstanding illustration of contemporary change in large organizationshas been the desire of more and more corporations to take advantage of the rich opportunities offered by the continental market. (Eli Ginzberg, and others, Columbia University Press, 1957) Forces within the corporation American management is also encouraged to adopt a positive attitude toward change by forces originating largely within the corporation itself as it responds to new developments in ownership, management, technology, and production. Each will be briefly illustrated in turn. The retirement or death of a builder of a large enterprise is likely to be followed by a significant change in the organizations structure; the professional managerial group is immediately more ready to entertain and act upon recommendations for change. They can adopt a more objective view of the organization; change is not an admission of their prior errors. In fact, being professional managers, they can find real satisfaction in their work only by submitting themselves and the organizations they run to objective criteria of performance. (Eli Ginzberg, and others, Columbia University Press, 1957) Competitive pressures and personnel resources A major proof of dynamic management is its ability to perceive correctly and to respond effectively to conditions that necessitate organizational and other changes to insure the continual profitable growth of the enterprise. The decision in principle that a program of change is required for the long-run welfare of the organization is a necessary but not sufficient basis for action. Management must determine that the gains will justify the costs. The key considerations are the competitive position and personnel resources of the organization. (Eli Ginzberg, and others, Columbia University Press, 1957) Outside pressures In preparing a background to change, management must consider, in addition to financial and personnel resources, the pressures exerted on the company from the outside. Periods of economic depression, which bring large losses and threats of bankruptcy, frequently exert pressure for change. A management may conclude that the companys best chance of survival lies in the rapid institution of major changes. An oppressive external situation may lead personnel to accept changes which would otherwise be strenuously opposed and may also help management to overcome whatever inhibitions it still retains about entering upon a radical departure from previous practices. (Eli Ginzberg, and others, Columbia University Press, 1957). Psychological Factors in Change The illustrative materials in the opening chapter underscore the extent to which organizational change depends in the final analysis on the ability of the president and other senior executives to establish new patterns of behavior. Only to the extent that they stop acting and reacting as they have long been accustomed and start responding in new ways can a program of organizational change be successfully implemented. It is therefore appropriate to consider whatever insights or generalizations can be garnered from psychologythe science of behavior in the hope that we can better understand and thereby control the process of change. Unfortunately for these purposes, psychologists have seldom concerned themselves with the study of directed change in hierarchical organizations, so their work is tangential to the problem at hand and will prove useful only to the extent that it can be adapted. (Eli Ginzberg, and others, Columbia University Press, 1957) Change Bureaucratic Organization Theory of Bureaucracy A great structure of specialized competencies has grown up around the chain of command. Organizations have grown in size because they must be able fully to employ the new specialists and the specialized equipment associated with them if the organizations are to meet their competition. As more specialists appear and the organization continues to grow in size, it becomes necessary to group employees into units, and the units into larger units. Some of the larger of these units in government have been called bureaus, and so the kind of organization resulting from this process has been called bureaucracy. (These units were called bureaus from the French word for writing table or desk.) The great German sociologist, Max Weber, was the first to attempt a systematic theory of bureaucratic organization. His views remain important to us not only because of his enormous influence on American social scientists, but also because of the continuing validity of much of his analysis. Weber pictured an evolution of organizational forms in terms of the kind of authority relations within them. At one extreme is a simple, relatively no specialized kind of organization in which followers give almost unqualified obedience to a leader endowed with charismapresumed unusual, generally magical powers. Such organization was primitive in the sense that it was based upon belief in magic. Since their prerogatives depended upon their leaders charisma, his immediate staff felt insecure and sought a firmer legitimating of these prerogatives. Their fears came to a head at the time of succession in the leadership. Reutilization of methods used to obtain a successor and thus to secure staff prero gatives resulted in the traditionalistic form of organization. Monarchy would be an example. (Victor A. Thompson, Alfred A. Knopf, 1961) Strengths The bureaucratic organization is the arena where science and technology are applied. With a few rapidly disappearing exceptions, such as medicine, we can say that the application and development of science and technology depend upon bureaucratic organization. Modern bureaucratic organization is the most productive arrangement of human effort that man has thus far contrived. Its ability to accomplish objective organizational goals has produced the highest standard of living yet achieved by man, while allowing populations to expand enormously at the same time. Dependence upon highly trained specialists requires appointment by merit rather than election or political appointment. It requires a system of assured careers; otherwise, the individual would not invest the time needed to acquire specialized skill. It requires that the organization have a definite and reasonably assured division of work into defined jobs or offices. The trained specialist would not usually allow himself to be used as a jack-of-all-trades. In fact, the division of work in organisation for the most part simply follows the existing specializations in society at large. Weaknesses As Weber said, charismatic forms of organization give way to bureaucracy because the former are inadequate for daily, regularized activity. Charisma functions in new situations and is not compatible with highly defined situations. Charismatic organization is dependent upon the reputed genius of individuals and is, therefore, unstable and precarious. To secure stability, continuity, and predictability of product, the activities of the organization are reduced to procedures or routines. Routinization of organizational activity is implicit in the process of specialization and is a characteristic of bureaucracy. Specialization requires a stable environment and a guarantee of continuity of function. Within the organization, the specialist must practice his specialtya group of related routines. Although managerial ideology still strongly contains the charismatic image, bureaucratic organisation seek to avoid dependence upon individuals by reducing relevant information to classes, and organ izational activity to routines which are activated when the appropriate class of information is perceived. It would seem, therefore, that the advance of specialization requires routinization, one of the central characteristics of bureaucratic organization. (Victor A. Thompson; Alfred A. Knopf, 1961) Alternative Forms of Organizational Change Development Evolutionary and Revolutionary Change in Organizations Change is classified as evolutionary change gradual and incremental, or revolutionary change, sudden and drastic. Evolutionary change adds small adjustments to strategy and structure to handle environmental changes. Revolutionary change results in new operating methods, goals and structure. Three ways to implement revolutionary change are reengineering, restructuring and innovation. Socio-technical systems theory. Total quality management method. Flexible workers and flexible work teams method. (www.scribd.com/doc/13754469/chapter-10-type-and-form-of-organizational-change) Revolutionary Reengineering Restructuring Innovation (www.scribd.com/doc/13754469/chapter-10-type-and-form-of-organizational-change) Five Forces Model The Five Forces Model which is also known as Porters Five Forces Model is a simple but powerful tool for understanding where power lies in a business situation. This is useful, because it helps you understand both the strength of your current competitive position, and the strength of a position youre looking to move into. Supplier Power: Some of the world known companies are the suppliers of Broken Hill Proprietary (BHP) Coal, Rio Tinto/Conzinc Rio Tinto (CRA) and Atlantic Richfield (Arco), while the company has its own manufacturing units where they produce certain kind of products, so they are not relying on just outside the organization supplier, so there is not too much chances that of the supplier power will high the cost of the proposed change. Buyer Power: The number of users of customers of Broken Hill Proprietary (BHP) Coal, Rio Tinto/Conzinc Rio Tinto (CRA) and Atlantic Richfield (Arco) products and services increases day by day so the buyer power is high, and it will be a good sign to have a good number of buyers of their new services in order to keep the pricing of services minimum but the company generate more revenue and good pay back of the investment. Competitive Rivalry: There are some competitors in the market but they are limited to just few minor areas, so Broken Hill Proprietary (BHP) Coal, Rio Tinto/Conzinc Rio Tinto (CRA) and Atlantic Richfield (Arco) have many advantages over their competitors and the proposed change will attract much more customers towards these services and increase the market share and revenue. Threat of Substitution: The threat of substitute is minimum. Threat of New Entry: There always remains threat of new entry when your company is operating in market, but for Broken Hill Proprietary (BHP) Coal, Rio Tinto/Conzinc Rio Tinto (CRA) and Atlantic Richfield (Arco) in introducing the new change, this factor will not be too valuable as for other organizations, because they have the vastest networks of their business and provide good and flexible services. EFQM Models Analysis EFQM model known as European Foundation for Quality Management is a framework for organizational management. This model helps organizations in developing their strategy towards the achievement of their goals. The EFQM Excellence Model is a practical tool to help organizations do this by measuring where they are on the path to excellence; helping them understand the gaps; and then stimulating solutions. The key strength areas in Broken Hill Proprietary (BHP) Coal, Rio Tinto/Conzinc Rio Tinto (CRA) and Atlantic Richfield (Arco) which need to invest more attention in order to make improvement are to make initiatives to take on board all the stakeholders, providing extended services through the wireless local loop is having very potentials in the current era. So this area needs to invest which will generate much more revenue and quick payback of the money which will be invested. Current or Future Change initiatives (as leader) When involve in change process a leader of the change team I will feel the responsibility of the overall management of the change process form the initial stage to the full implementation of the process and their after effects. As a leader I will ensure that all of the change management team will have clear idea of the change for which we are going on, what will be the benefits of that after the accomplishment of process. I will make sure to take all the stakeholders of organization on board, and continuously update the higher management and board of directors about the current status of the change. My focus will be on the change equation in which to minimize the resistance to change for reducing the dissatisfaction among my team members, providing my co members clear vision and understanding of the impacts of change on the overall activities and operations at my department especially. And then involve the whole team to initiate first steps and work as team and promote the team spirit among my team members. Using Transition Curve To best ensure that I will remain in contact with the feelings of people in my core team about that I will keep in touch with all my team members during the daily activities of change process and will facilitate them in performing their tasks. It is also important to understand keep in touch with team members, if they facing some problems other than the duties of their job, provide them consultancy on how to come with solutions to their problems. I will have a good appraisal system to appreciate the work of my team members. If the team members face some problems in performing their duties or having lack of technical knowledge then I will suggest the management to organize some training and development activities like workshop to update the technical team members with latest tools and knowledge. Conclusion Organisational change can be defined as the change in the organisation operations, structure and business which has significant impact on the way the work is performed in that organisation. Organisation change makes the gap apparent between how the work is done currently and where the management wants or see that to be. Simply organisational change may be a result of the work area identifying goals that they want to be achieving. Organizational change is about significant change in organization like reorganization or launching new product or services, it may be not a smaller change like adopting new software procedures or systems. There are different types of change models available for organizations but the use of these models depends upon the type of organization, the market in which they are in operation, they way their competitors perform, and core competencies. The five forces model is also known as Porters Five Forces Model is a simple but powerful tool for understanding where power lies in a business situation. This is useful, because it helps you understand both the strength of your current competitive position, and the strength of a position youre looking to move into.

Ramses the Great :: Ancient Egypt Egyptian History

Ramses the Great In the Egyptian pyramids of Giza, Ramses the Great ruled as the greatest pharaoh of all times. Ramses the Great, also known as Ramses II, or just Ramses, was born in 1304 B.C., and was given the name the Justice of Ray is Powerful. He had the knowledge of the kingdom, and became the focus of the court at an early age. Ramses and his father spent most of their time together, and at age ten, Ramses became heir to the thrown. He took the thrown in the year of 1292 B.C. The pharaoh lived over all other people in the kingdom. According to historians, the Nile river was the source of life to the Egyptians. The Nile river provided the Egyptian people with water, fish, and fertile soil to grow crops on. The peasant folk in Egypt lived on a diet of wheat bread, fish, and corn. Also, the death rates there were said to be very high. When Ramses became pharaoh, he got many riches. For example, Ramses had as many women as his heart desired. The women did everything for Ramses, which includes dancing for him. Ramses II was the most powerful king in all of ancient Egypt, and his Queens were his greatest supporters. Ramses had many wives, but he loved one particular wife the most of all of them. Ramses the Great was also known for his fighting. In 1275 B.C., he went into battle with about 2,000 men. It was about noon on a spring day, and Ramses II was encamped with his army near the city of Kadesh in Syria. He and his army were planning a surprise attack on the Hittites. While Ramses was waiting for his army to assemble, Hittite chariots showed up out of nowhere and attacked. Frightened, the Egyptian forces fled and left Ramses the Great to face the enemy alone. Luckily, he escaped with his life. Later, Ramses II had scenes from the battle carved on temple was all over Egypt. According to the carvings, Ramses prayed to Amon, the chief Egyptian god, to save him. He said, "My soldiers and charioteers have forsaken me, but I call and find that Amon is worth more to me than millions of foot soldiers and hundreds of thousands of chariots." After that, the carvings show that he rallied his forces and had victory over the Hittites.

John Kenneth Galbraith

He was a U. S economist, public official and diplomat, and a leading proponent of the 20th-century American liberalism. His books on economic topics were bestsellers from 1950’s through 2000’s, during which time Galbraith fulfilled the role of public intellectual. In macro-economical terms he was intitutionalist. He was America’s most famous economist for good reason. A witty commentator on America’s political follies and a versatile author of bestselling books that warn prophetically of the dangers of deregulated markets, corporate greed, and inattention to the costs of our military power including the â€Å"THE NEW INDUSTRIAL STATE†. Galbraith always made economics relevant to the crises of the day. Galbraith was born on October 15, 1908 and was raised on a small Canadian farm. He began to teach at Harvard in his twenties. He was a long-time Harvard faculty member and as a professor of economics stayed with Harvard University for half a century since 1934. In 1938 he left to work in New Deal Washington. Following his years as a writer at fortune, where he did much to introduce the work of John Maynard Keynes to a wide audience. He returned to Harvard in 1949 and began writing the books that would make him famous. He was a prolific author and wrote four dozen books, including several novels and published over a thousand articles and essays on various subjects. Among his famous works were popular trilogy on economics. (American Capitalism 1952), (The Affluent Society 1958), and (The Industrialized State 1967). Galbraith was also active in Democratic Party politics, serving in the administrations of Franklin D. Roosevelt, Harry S. Truman, John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson. He served as United States Ambassador to India under the Kennedy administration. His prodigious literary output and outspokenness made him arguably â€Å"the best-known economist in the world during his lifetime. Galbraith was one of few recipients both of the â€Å"MEDAL OF FREEDOM† and the â€Å"PRESIDENTIAL FREEDOM†. Over the years, Galbraith developed a distinctive way of â€Å"doing economics,† and it made him a critic both of conservatives and of many liberal economists. Galbraith was often at the very epicenter of politics in his time. Ako gi focus ag Popular niya na books ag trilogy. Iya first books which is the American Capitalism, ag Industrialized State and The Affluent Society. And The culture of Contentmen which was published in 1992. So in his first book which is the American Capitalism: The Concept of Countervailing Power in 1952. So it is the concept of acting or to avail against with equal power. In this book Galbraith exposed the myth that competition between different firms in an industry prevented monopolistic exploitation. In the Affluent Society (1958). Galbraith exposed the idea of â€Å"consumer sovereignty†. He argued that large corporations invested large sums in the design, planning and manufacturing of a new product. To make sure that the product sold, they had to create a want for it. In other words, â€Å"wants are created by those who satisfy them†. Galbraith also argued that the government should make large investments in education and transport infrastructure by using funds from general taxation. Galbraith worked as an adviser to President John F. Kennedy who originally planned to appoint him as a Secretary of the Treasury. After Kennedy was pressured he gave the job to another person. In 1961 Galbraith was appointed as U. S ambassador to India. He held the post until the assassination of Kennedy in 1963. In The New Industrial State (1967) Galbraith continued his attack on the capitalist system. He argued that in advanced industrial economies it is the managerial and other experts of the large corporations who really run the system, â€Å"subordinating the activities of the state to their own goals of corporate growth and personal self-esteem†. Galbraith remained active in politics and worked as an adviser to politicians on the left of the political spectrum. He once said that â€Å"The modern conservative is engaged in one of man’s oldest exercises in moral philosophy; that is, the search for a superior moral justification for selfishness. † He was also critical of communist governments: â€Å"under capitalism man exploits man. Under Communism, it’s just the opposite. † The Culture of Contentment in 1992. – galbraith pointed out that around 50% of Americans take little interest in politics. As they rarely vote, they are ignored by politicians. The two major political parties in the United States therefore concentrate on those who do vote the better of classes. This group tend to demand that taxes are kept low and that they are used on programmes that help the contented classes themselves. As a result, only a small percentage of government revenues are spent on helping the underclass or repairing America’s crumbling infrastructure.

The Micmac essays

The Micmac essays The Micmac natives were one of the first inhabitants that arrived from Asia to the North American continent. They crossed Bering Strait, which was covered by the last glaciation, approximately 30,000 years ago. Upon the settlement of the continent, the Micmac finally settled in the Maritimes. Here, they established themselves as people and as the dominant tribe in the Canadian Maritimes. The Micmac were semi-nomadic since they routinely moved between summer fishing villages near the coast to inland locations for winter hunting. Their culture was established to distinguish them from the other native tribes settled nearby. Their clothing gave them a significant amount of freedom and was created, once again; to keep their tribe more characterized. Soon, came the contact with Europeans. The Micmac were probably the first Native Americans to have regular contact with the Europeans. This contact may have occurred as early as the 11th century with the Viking settlements on the coast of N orth America, or possibly with the Basque fishermen who visited the Grand Banks before Columbus voyage in 1492. Before long, the European contact became very influential upon the Micmac peoples and integration of the two began. The Micmac were the most influential tribe in the Maritimes and their contact with the Europeans almost caused their own eradication. The Micmac were the more prevailing tribe in the Canadian Maritimes, but in most ways their language was similar to the other tribes. Their language belonged to the Algonquian family of languages. It was known to be very rich and descriptive. Because the Micmac language contains some characteristics of Cree, many historians believe that the reason for this is because they moved into the Canadian Maritimes from the north possibly with the Cree. With their partial settlement they created in North America, the Micmac did very little farming because for the most part, they were too far north t...

I believe my family Essay Example

I believe my family Essay Example I believe my family Essay I believe my family Essay Mankind is actually a fragile animal, so they believe the family, friendship, love yourself more. In fact, these feelings only to ensure our human reproduction from generation to generation, and prosperous. I believe in Family. My family is a traditional Chinese family which is an extended family with my grandparents, my parents and I living together. My grandparents are kind to me. When I was a little child, they gave me a lot Of care and love. They always taught me to be honest, responsible and hardworking. Even though I did something wrong, they still offered me some good advice. Because of their patient education I could grow up quickly. My parents are loving kind of person. They take good care of my grandparents. They often help my grandparents to do chores and make them comfortable. On weekends, they usually keep a good company with my grandparents, so that they never feel lonely. Besides, they also care so much about me. Whatever hobbies and interests I have, they are always on my side, so I have my free living style. I think my family members are the cost beloved ones. From them, I have learnt to respect the old and love the young. Thus I regard them as my good examples. I love my family. And believe that family give me love to make me a better person. As an old saying in china, brothers are as indispensable as handsome and fit, but the wife is like a coat. A man would have to treat his parents and brothers or sisters with priority even if he was married. If the man have to be an honest son, his obligations will be even more important. Such a unique role the man makes relationships with his family very complicated. This is why some well- educated young woman would rather marry a husband whose parents have passed away in China. The one child family has free the man from obligations to his brothers and sisters. But he cannot escape from duties to his parents. Although it is not the best solution for the girl to choose a husband without any parents, sometimes she doesnt have a better alternative. This unique phenomenon in china, cant destroy my belief. I think family is the most important thing in the world.

Formal Report or proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Formal Report or proposal - Essay Example Analysis leads to the conclusion that our company needs to adopt socially responsible practices. Every business venture aims at flourishing in the modern marketplace. There are several methods of achieving including the application of marketing strategies for sales increase, manufacturing and production concepts for cost-effectiveness and organizational management for over-all company harmony. However, the concept of an ethically-run business as necessary for the company to succeed is becoming more and more recognized. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has become a by word for many business professionals. Although it is generally observing ethics and morals in business dealings, CSR is thought to comprise of activities such as supporting charities is CSR, funding anti-crime and poverty programs, exceeding legal or regulatory obligations in areas of business operation such as health and safety and consumer rights, managing the supply chain to ensure that suppliers respect human rights is CSR and taking measures to ensure that products do not harm the environment. (Kotler and Nancy 2004, p. 3) Our concern is not so much in defining CSR but in determining whether the observance of business ethics is optional or not. This paper will argue that business ethics is necessary and beneficial for the business firm. ... Increased Job Performance Quality The reason why a field in business called Human Resources Management (HRM) exists is that it was long recognized that there is a need to ensure that employee issues are properly addressed. One of the secrets of successful business companies is that they were able to derive extra commitment from all employees resulting to unprecedented quality and responsiveness in products and services along with heroic frugality, incredible levels of integration and collaboration within and without the organizations, and especially to pull off continuous, brilliant, and cheap innovation. According to Kotler and Lee (2004) the only way one can "manage" high level human output is to set the conditions for everyone doing their best: including support of the core competencies of people, their ability to self-organize, their ability to change and grow. A company can achieve this if it fosters trust and build organizational cultures in which freedom and personal initiative can cohabit with cooperation, caring and a highly integrated harmony. Only thru a sincere observance of business ethics can the company assure that its employees do not stage rallies, release negative public statements regarding the company, resign and reveal company trade secrets. Being ethical also helps in attracting excellent and skilled professionals to work for the company. The Industrial Society for the US (in Price 2002) reports that "82% of US professionals claimed that they would not work for an organisation whose values they did not believe in" and that "among smaller businesses, the survey showed that 62% of owner managers were influenced by their employees to be more socially active." Consumer

Salary Discrimination in National Basketball Association Essay

Salary Discrimination in National Basketball Association - Essay Example The paper tells that sports statistics create a great opportunity to measure the relationship between productivity and income. Since its integration in the 1940s, professional basketball has achieved the highest level of African American representation of the major professional sports in the United States. Labor market discrimination is defined as unequal treatment of equally qualified workers. A great deal of research on labor market discrimination has focused on the racial pay differences of NBA athletes. Now, in existing national basket ball literature on pay discrimination, it is now well documented that Blacks earn less than their White counterpart. For example, using statistics drawn from the national basketball league of 1986, Khan & Sherer found a ceteris paribus black salary short fall of about 20%. Consumers (NBA FANS) may have discriminatory preferences for white stars but no real preference among black and white athletes of average ability. Found out that, whiter teams te nded to be located in whiter metropolitan areas. Given their results, these authors concluded that their observed salary shortfalls were due primarily, to customer discrimination by white basketball fans. However, several recent studies have cast doubt on these results. Bodvarsson and Brastow performed a salary regression similar to the Kahn and Sherer specification and found no evidence of racial discrimination. Their methodology, however, was based on the assumption that consumer discrimination is pervasive throughout the ability distribution.